Synagogue of Katzrin
The town of Katzrin in the Golan is famed as the site of a reconstructed Jewish Talmudic-era village created out of excavated remains. The highlight of this incredible site is the Katzrin Synagogue. Originally a small synagogue was built on this site in the 4th century. Then in the 6th century, a larger structure took its place and remained in use until its destruction by an earthquake in 749 AD.
The 6th-century synagogue was built facing towards Jerusalem and there were two main entrances, one on the north and the other on the western wall. The synagogue was constructed using large blocks of stone but no mortar was used. Originally it stood two stories high with windows on the upper level. The upper story has not survived but we can still see the two rows of four columns that would have supported the second level.
The roof would have been made of wooden beams and covered with ceramic tiles. The walls would have been whitewashed and decorated with red geometric patterns. The synagogue floor was once covered with beautiful mosaics and it is still possible to see sections of the mosaics. Along the walls of the synagogue interior there are two stone step benches where worshipers would sit as they prayed.
The main entrance to the synagogue is topped by a lintel featuring decorative carvings. Several features distinguish this as a Jewish place of worship – the engraved motif of a Jewish menorah inducing the raised stone platform against the southern wall where the Torah Ark would have stood. Today it is possible to hold weddings, bar mitzvah ceremonies and special events in the ancient synagogue of Katzrin.
Nimrod Fortress
Nimrod Fortress is a historic site at the foot of Mount Hermon in northern Israel. The castle-fortress is perched on an 800m-high ridge surrounded by dramatic steep cliffs and is the largest surviving medieval castle in Israel. Nimrod Fortress is also called Nimrod Castle and Qal'at al-Subeiba in Arabic which literally means "Castle of the Large Cliff." Originally constructed in 1229 to protect the access route to Damascus, today Nimrod Fortress is a protected Israeli National Park.
The fortress dates back to the reign of Al-Aziz Othman, who took control of the region from 1218 to 1232. An inscription on the fortress walls confirms the name of the ruler at the time of construction. The fortress was hurriedly built in just three years as a defense against the arrival of German Kaiser Friedrich II's army in 1227. The structure was strategically positioned on an elevated ridge overlooking a road leading from the Hula Valley to Damascus.
In 1253 Louis IX of France led the Crusaders in an attack on Nimrod Fortress but failed. Later when the region was under Mameluke rule Baibars had Nimrod Castle renovated and expanded. Baibars put Bilich in control of the region and he continued work on Nimrod Castle adding towers. The condition of the fortress declined after the expulsion of the Crusaders in 1291. Under the Ottomans, Nimrod Castle was used as a prison and in the 16th century, it was abandoned and used only by shepherds for shelter.
The castle incurred damage from an earthquake that hit the region in 1759 and again the structure stood neglected until the 1920s when the French army made use of it. The French opened the western wall of the fortress creating an entrance that has remained until today. During the 6 Day War in 1967, the Syrians used the fortress as an artillery observation point and the structure incurred damage. In more recent history Nimrod Fortress has been restored and is protected as a national park.
Banias Nature Reserve (Hermon Stream)
Without a doubt, the Hermon Nature Reserve is one of the most beautiful areas in Israel. The reserve covers an area in the northern Golan Heights of eastern Upper Galilee. It spreads out across the slopes of Mount Hermon, Israel’s highest peak at the meeting point of the Hula Valley and Golan. Covering almost 19,500 acres, Hermon stream Nature Reserve encompasses the Mount Hermon ski resort, Nimrod Fortress National Park, and Neve Ativ, a small mountain village. Hermon Stream is better known by locals as Banias.
The beauty of this site has attracted men for thousands of years. The spring was associated with a pre-Hellenistic deity called Ba’al-gad or Ba’al Hermon. In about the 3rd century BC, the Greeks dedicated the area to the god Pan and established a cult center and city of Paneas around the source of the spring. Pan was the god of music, sexuality, hunting, goats, and nature. Following the Greeks, the region was ruled by Rome, and King Herod had a temple erected at Banias in honor of his patron, Philip II.
Over the next 2,000 years, Banias remained inhabited as leaders came and went. During the early years of the State of Israel, the main concern about Banias was water rights. At the end of the Six-Day War of 1967, Israel occupied Banias to protect their water rights, most of the town was destroyed, and the town’s people were evacuated. In 1977 the Hermon Stream Nature Reserve was declared to protect the valuable flora and fauna in the area, archaeological remains, and the stream that supplies water to the Jordan hydrological system.
Mount Bental
Mount Bental (Tal Al-Gharam) is one of the peaks of the Golan Heights, a range of inactive volcanic mountains separating Israel from Syria along its northeastern border. The mountains are covered with lush vegetation, forests, vineyards, and quaint rural villages. In 1948 Israel was attacked by its Arab neighbors including Syria which took the Golan Heights. Syria established a military outpost and fortifications on Mt Bental. In the Six-Day War of 1967 Syria, Jordan and Egypt launched a new attack on Israel. This time Israel pushed Syria back down from the Golan capturing Mt. Bental with its abandoned Syrian fortifications and the Syrian village of Quneitra below.
During the Yom Kippur War in 1973, one of Israel’s largest tank battles took place at the foot of Mt. Bental. The fierce battle earned the area below Mount Bental the name Valley of Tears. In 1974 a demilitarized zone was established between Syria and Israel and monitored by the UN. Mt Bental and the Golan Heights remain under Israeli authority. From the top of Mt. Bental, there are magnificent views in all directions – north to Mount Hermon (Israel’s highest peak) and beyond that Lebanon; south to Mount Avital; west to the heartland of the Galilee, and east to Syria. From the peak of Mt. Bental, you can really gain an appreciation for the strategic importance of the Golan Heights by observing the proximity of Syria.
Visitors to Mt Bental today can descend into the abandoned Syrian living quarters, bunkers, and trenches to get a feel for life as a Syrian soldier on the front lines. In one of the abandoned bunkers, you can see displays telling the history of the site and maps to help understand the strategic importance of the site. From the mount, there are brilliant views across the countryside on both sides of the border. The mount is also home to a great restaurant-café called Coffee Anan; a name which plays on the Hebrew word for cloud and the name of the former leader of the UN. There is a Visitor Center, sculpture garden, automatic information system, and binocular machines for close-up views of the valley beyond.
Syrian Fortification
