Namo Buddha

Jagdish Man

Tour Guide, Kathmandu, Nepal

21 Sep 2015 | 28 mins read

Tourist Guide 2015

Introduction:

The meaning or definition of Night life is “Social life or entertainment taking place in the late evening or night, as in nightclubs”

Kathmandu, the popular capital city of Nepal is a diverse place along with it has diversity of cultural having differences rituals including diverse of religions. The culture of nightlife had been taken place right here just before but since 1970s. The hippy culture changed the life style of Kathmandu started the way of lifestyle differently. The Thamel area is the main popular area, which highlights the night life of Kathmandu . Most of the modern people of the society and all foreigners use to go to Thamel for the night life entertainment. The night life of Kathmandu in Thamel now providing to the visitors with dance clubs, bars, restaurants, discos, and Dohori clubs. These places are for hang out with friends and other circles. While you are having good time in there in Thamel all the lights and musical environments will attract you with a great harmony. You have many choices as per your interest. Night life is not only for the entertainments inside bars and clubs but Thamel is also known for sexual activities. The street of Thamel along the way is also the place where you can see people are bargaining for the sexual activities. One can go to have greatest fun while you are in the heart of Kathmndu, Thamel may have good and wonderful time. The nightlife of Kathmandu is not easier like other countries. It has many challenges itself and with government policy as well. Our government is really concerned with the criminal activities in night time. So it has certain time limitation and bounded with norms and conditions. The changing condition of Nepal has the big impact on this sector. But as I know other countries, the nightlife is manageable and it also plays big role to increase tourism in Kathmandu.

Things to do in nightlife:

There are several things to do in the nightlife of Kathmandu. Those things are the best way to spend your vacation or weekends. Here are some main places in Kathmandu:

Tourism in nightlife of Kathmandu:

As we already mentioned before hippie cultured had started the nightlife of Kathmandu, it has vey much potentiality in tourism sector. Most of the tourist in Kathmandu, they want nightlife and spend some time wherever they want. They can;

Good aspects:

The nightlife of Kathmandu has many good aspects if it is managed. We must have to make it as good as we can. This modern time is the time of globalization. People keep moving from one place to another place. Our country also can take advantages like:

Bad aspects:

Nepal is a under developing country. We have many things to develop in comparison of other developed countries. First of all we are far away of those cultural. Our society may not able to adopt those type of cultural not because we don’t like but because economical problem. We have less tourism culture and lack of knowledge about nightlife and far behind of it. Some of the people try to take negative advantages from there. The main bad aspects of nightlife are:

Challenges:

There are many challenges to manage things for the nightlife of Kathmandu. Safe and managed nightlife is preferred by the people but we have certain boundaries to keep nightlife in Kathmandu. It is not like London and Las- Vegas. The challenges are:

Conclusion:

The Night Life of Kathmandu is the night life of Thamel. The Thamel is the synonyms of word for sex. On the other hand, massage is so popular for sassage as sex. It is a slang word of sex. It is an area of popular for sex holidays. Freedom of life is a freedom of sex no doubt. Osho’s main principle is also the same, he always emphasis over the freedom of sex. Sex is a physical need of mankind not only to the human being but also must for the all living creatures. It is a necessity of modern life. People have many choices in nightlife and they want to spend their leisure time doing different things. So, our governments should think about this and try to sort out the bad things inside this part. If the nightlife of Kathmandu is safe and managed, our government can take lots of advantages from tourist and local people as well.

Above report is basically written as per website based. However, we are also able to get opportunity with the local people who have different views and experiences. As we try to get even closer with them, we are able to get their inner opinion. These types of environments have been pinching and polluting their local cultural and facing negative impact. They have been facing disobedience and disturbances by this type of society. So we have to say that government of Nepal should manage to overcome the problem of the local people.

“The End”

International Definition

According to the ILO’s Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention, child labor is the enslavement (i.e., sale, trafficking, debt bondage, serfdom, compulsory labor) of anyone under the age of 18. The definition includes the use of children in armed conflict, prostitution and illegal activities such as drug trafficking. Lastly, any work deemed to be harmful to the health, safety or morals of the child is considered to be child labor.

United States’ Definition

The Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 prohibits the employment of minors in “oppressive child labor.” Oppressive child labor is the employment of a child under 16 by anyone other than that child’s parent(s) or guardian(s). However, the Secretary of Labor permits the employment of individuals between 14 and 16 so long as the work is not in the manufacturing or mining industries and so long as the child’s health, well-being and education are not negatively affected. Occupations that are deemed hazardous to the health or well-being of individuals between 16 and 18 years old are also considered to be “oppressive child labor.”

Children have always worked in the United States. Child labor was significantly present during industrialization, the Great Depression and the 19th and 20th centuries when a number of poor immigrants migrated to the U.S. Today, American and foreign children who are forced into prostitution, domestic servitude and other forms slavery fall into the child labor category.

Child Labour

History of Child Labour

The child labour issues have sturdy association with Industrial Revolution that took place in Europe in 18^th century. Industrial Revolution brought about a number of changes, more evidently the change in life style, quality of life of people, and quality of work life of employees. The industrial revolution gave rise to envisage the concept of scientific management. People insight into ample favourable achievement and positive changes in the human society, nevertheless, the revolution has posed serious threat on the future of the children; the excessive employment of children and their massive exploitation tainted the entire corporate society.

Introduction to Child Labour

Child labour is one of the exaggeratingly growing social problem in the developing and under-developed nations. Child Labour refers to the act of employing children in any work that torments their childhood, deprives from primary education or schooling, and that is physically, socially, mentally, and morally dangerous. Child labour is excessively high in developing nations and under-developed nation, and excessive exploitation of children have caused several physical and mental deformities in them. Child labour is prohibited in every nation, but ILO estimates about 153 million child labourers in the world in 2008.

Child labour practices in Nepal

Child labour is one of the serious problems in Nepal. Children has been employed in a number of factories, restaurants, vehicles, households and so on. child labour is relatively higher in Nepal in comparison to other South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) nations. According to data from the Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS) and other national surveys, Nepal has 34% of its children between the age of 5 and 14 who are involved in child labour, compared with 12% in the South Asia region as a whole. In the 2003/2004 Nepal Living Standards Survey Statistical Report Volume II, it was found that children from the poorest consumption quintile has the highest percentage (18.7%) of children who worked for more than 40 hours a week as compared with the rest of the consumption quintile.

Child Sex Trafficking

Around the world, an influx in sex tourism, the insatiable demand for child pornography and greed play key roles in the prevalence of child sex slavery and trafficking. In addition to strangers, family and close friends have been known to sell children off to individuals, businesses and groups involved in the sex industry. Once sold, the children are forced to perform commercial sex acts. In the U.S. and in most countries abroad, any commercial sex with a minor is considered sex trafficking.

In the U.S. the average age at which girls are forcibly prostituted is 12-14 years old. For boys and transgendered youth, the average is 11-13 years old. Sometimes, the kids are much younger. These adolescents are chosen by traffickers for different reasons. Although kids from broken families, runaways and poor children are at higher risk of being trafficked, middle and upper class children may also be targeted. Generally, online predators and individuals looking to profit from the sex trade pick children that have certain insecurities and vulnerabilities – someone they can manipulate and dominate. It is through this manipulation and domination that traffickers are able to continuously sell and profit from the children.

The standard price for sex at a brothel in the U.S. is $30. Typically, trafficked children see 25-48 customers a day. They work up to 12 hours a day, every day of the week; every year, a pimp earns between $150,000 and $200,000 per child.

Abuse and indoctrination, mixed with alcohol and drug addiction, enable traffickers to enslave these children for years.

Children still face challenges even when they reach out for help, escape or are rescued. Some survivors of child sex trafficking are, at first, arrested and treated as delinquents. Society prescribed labels for those in the sex industry are often degrading, and children feel as if they can’t live a normal life anymore. They might think that they’re stuck living a life of prostitution and that they don’t have any options. In some cases and in many cultures, children – particularly girls – that have been sexually violated are no longer accepted in their families or communities because they are seen as tainted.

Child sexual slavery and trafficking are connected to other forms of slavery. Children may be forced into domestic servitude and, along the way, are sexually abused by their new family. At times, minors are forced into marrying to give the family financial stability or to pay off a debt.

The incidence of child labour in Nepal is relatively high compared with other countries in South Asia.^[1] According to data from the Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS) and other national surveys, Nepal has 34% of its children between the age of 5 and 14 who are involved in child labour, compared with 12% in the South Asia region as a whole.

There are more female than male child labourers, and the situation is worse in rural than urban areas. In 2010, 44% of children age 5 to 14 were involved in child labour activities in the mid- and far-western regions of Nepal. According to the Nepal Labour Force Survey (NLFS) in 2008, 86.2% of children who were working were also studying and 13.8% of the children work only. A comparison over the years of child labour force participation rate across gender and residence is shown in Table 1 below:

Table 1: Child Labour Force Participation Rates over time

Year

Total

Area of Residence

Area of Residence

Total

Male

Female

Urban

Rural

1996^[2]

41.7

36.1

47.6

23.0

43.4

2004^[3]

32.0

30.2

32.5

12.4

33.9

2008^[4]

33.9

30.2

37.8

14.4

36.7

2010^[5]

44.0

41.0

48.0

31.0

46.0

Most children (60.5%) work up to 19 hours in 2008, while 32.2% worked 20 to 40 hours a week and 7.3% worked for more than 40 hours in a week. This trend is consistent in both rural and urban areas. In the 2003/2004 Nepal Living Standards Survey Statistical Report Volume II, it was found that children from the poorest consumption quintile has the highest percentage (18.7%) of children who worked for more than 40 hours a week as compared with the rest of the consumption quintile.

According to Ray (2004),^[6] child schooling and child labour force participation rates are negatively correlated as there is a trade-off between the two variables. Thus, an increase in labour hours would mean lesser time for schooling, and lesser work hours equals to an increase in time spent for schooling.

Contents

1 Industries in which children work

2 Impact of child labour on development

3 Tackling child labour in Nepal

3.1 Approach

3.2 Achievement

4 References

Industries in which children work

The NLFS also found that 88.7% of the working children are being employed in the agricultural sector. 1.4% of employed children work in the manufacturing sector, 0.3% works in construction sector, 1.6% is employed in wholesale and retail trade, 1.0% works in hotels and restaurants, 0.1% are working in private households with employed persons, and 6.9% work in other types of industries. Those who are working in the agricultural sector are mostly subsistence farmers. About 78.1% of these working children are engaged in subsistence farming.

In 2013, the U.S. Department of Labor reported that children in Nepal are engaged "in agriculture and the worst forms of child labor in commercial sexual exploitation".^[7] The report indicated other industrial activities like mining and stone breaking, weaving, and domestic service. In 2014, the Department's List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor reported bricks, carpets, embellished textiles and stones as goods produced in such labor conditions by both child laborers and forced workers.

Impact of child labour on development

According to Galli (2001),^[8] in the long run, child labour impedes long run economic growth through slower rate of human capital accumulation. One way in which human capital is accumulated is through education. As working takes up time for children to go to school, rate of human capital accumulation is negatively affected.

In addition, according to the United Nations Children’s Fund, the welfare of children is also affected as children may work under exploitative working conditions. This may have negative impacts on their health and psychology^[9]

Tackling child labour in Nepal

Given the seriousness of the issue of child labour in Nepal, there are several Non-governmental Organizations that are based in Nepal to tackle the problem of child labour through improving educational standards. An example is Educate the Children (International).

Educate the Children (International) is a non-profit organization that was set up by Pamela Carson in 1990 in order to help disadvantaged children in Nepal. It focuses on educating children and empowering women. Since 2009, some 4170 children have benefited from improvements in school infrastructure and quality of teaching.

Developing National Child Protection Policy and Framework

CCWB in collaboration with Governmental and Non-Governmental agencies is working to develop a National Child Protection Policy. It has formed eleven Member of committee which consists of representative from Ministry of Women, Children and Social Welfare, Ministry of Local Development, Ministry of Education and Sports, Ministry of Health and Population, UNICEF, Save the Children Norway/US, Plan Nepal , World Vision International and Care Nepal . The objectives of the programme are followings.

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

To develop common understanding on "National Child Protection Framework".
To develop common understanding on grass-root level structures.
To establish better coordination between and among organizations.
More specifically, Child Protection Policy will develop on the followings areas.
Violence against children: Abuse, Neglect, Discrimination, Child Marriage,
Child labor, sexual exploitation & abuse of children and trafficking, Children affected by HIV/AIDS, Children without parental care/ institutional care, Psychosocial distress,

Emergency services.

Child Care Home Survey Programme

Central Child Welfare Board (CCWB) has completed the survey of Child Care Home Programme for the updated mapping of Child Care Homes(CCH) in Nepal and Children protected therein. For this programme, four teams, each consisting two researchers, has been mobilized for survey of CCH in Kathmandu Valley ( Kathmandu , Lalitpur & Bhaktapur districts) and other teams for CCH out of valley. This programme will provide an authentic data and the clear picture of CCH for the future planning.

What Are Our Plans?

Children's Act amendment.

Developing National Child Protection Policy and Framework.

Construction of a building for National Resource Center / CCWB's secretariat.

Expansion of Juvenile Justice Programme in more districts, more specifically, infrastructure development for juvenile courts, establishing child reform facilities, capacity building programme for judicial officers, social workers, psychologists and local NGOs.

Expansion of strengthening CCWB/DCWBs programme by appointing more officers at districts and making more resources available for children.

Nepal was one of the second generations of countries to be selected for the International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour (IPEC) in 1995 followed by the support programme on Time-Bound Programme on the Elimination of the Worst Forms of Child Labour until 2006. The Government of Nepal constituted a National Steering Committee on Child Labour in 1995 to promote conditions to enable progressively prohibit, restrict and regulate child labour with a view to its ultimate elimination, and increase awareness in the national and international community of the consequences and solutions to the child labour problem.

Since its inception in 1995, several action programmes and mini-programmes were implemented in various districts in collaboration with ILO's constituents, non-government organizations, educational institutions, research organizations, media and districts and municipal bodies. The ILO is technically supporting Nepal in the prevention and elimination of child labour, bonded labour, trafficking and worst forms of child labour. A Master Plan on Child Labour for the elimination of child labour has been produced and adopted to eliminate the worst forms of child labour by 2009 and other form by 2014 in 2004.

The ILO/IPEC Project on Sustainable Elimination of Child Bonded Labour in Nepal (SECBL–II) was implemented to address two systems of bonded labour in Nepal - the Kamaiya and the Haruwa/Charuwa system. Children of families living under the Kamaiya or Haruwa/Charuwa systems either work under bondage or have been identified as being at risk of entering into the worst forms of child labour. The project focused on the prevention, withdrawal and rehabilitation, including income generation and vocational training to the employable children and their families. The project worked with various NGOs and ILO Constituents including the Ministry of Land Reform and Management to transfer the society without child bonded labour. The project was started in September 2006 and completed in September 2010.

At present, the ILO/IPEC Project on “Support to the Implementation of the Nepal’s National Master Plan (2011-2020) on the Elimination of Child Labour” is being implemented with the financial assistance from the Government of Denmark. The project aims at providing direct support to the Child Labour Elimination Section (CLES) of the Ministry of Labour and Employment (MoLE) towards the effective implementation of a number National Master Plan (2011-2020) driven actions. It aims at collaborating closely with the CLES and engaging the social partners, local and international NGOs working in Nepal, relevant agencies and groups and the donors in policy initiatives and capacity building efforts for child labour elimination. The objectives are pursued through a consultative and participatory process under the leadership of the CLES, building on knowledge and tools available and informed by ILO-IPEC and other experiences from within and outside the country. The Project was started in August 2011 and will be completed in December 2012.

Children active in economically in the age between 5-15 years

No of children Labour 21 lakh

a.

Agricultural

Sector

74

%

b.

Industrial

Sector

6

%

c.

Plantation Industry

Sector

2

%

d.

Tourism Industry

Sector

2

%

e.

Service sectors

Sector

6

%

f.

Transportation

Sector

1

%

g.

Technical

Sector

2

%

h.

Business

Sector

4

%

i.

Others

Sector

3

%

Other Risk sector:

Bricks Kiln

59925

Stone quarry

32000

Hotel/Restaurant

71767

Child Mechanics

18000

High way hawker

10000

Urban child potter

19000

International Labour Organization & as per definition of Nepal government.

Bonded Child Labour

18000

Street children

3965

Coal mine

150

Child potters

18000

Carpet factory worker

7790

Domestic worker

56000

Children trafficking 10-12 thousands.

1 Recently Taken at New Road

Child Labour Legislation in Nepal

Labour issues are growing in Nepal. The Nepalese corporate society has also been tainted with the excessive exploitation of children. The demand for Nepalese garment, which was deemed to be one of the best qualitative garments, in American and European market dwindled to near zero due to the abuse of children and use of children as labourers in Nepalese garment. So, Nepal has introduced Child Labour Legislation (Child Labour Act, 2000).

The main provisions of Nepalese Child Labour Act, 2000

Children below 14 years must not be employed.

Children must not be employed in specified hazardous jobs such as alcohol industry, cigarette factories,

Permission should be taken from the authorized government agency,

Child labour must not be employed for more than 6 hours per day or 36 hours per week,

Punishment ranging from 3 months imprisonment or Rs. 10,000 fine or both,

1. Findings

Conclusion:

Although there are nos of INGOs and NGO in Nepal such as Plan International Nepal, Unicef, ILO, Concern, CWIN, Save the children, Plan, CBS, NPC etc. However, the percentage of Child labour is decreased but still have a great problem in the Nepalese society. Within the last 10 years the child labour have been decreased drastically. We have 600 Bal Griha as a rehabilitation throughout the country. The government of Nepal fails to finance enough fund to materialize to the requirements technical support. So far we came to conclusion on our own views that there should be such an effort to change the social conception to the marginalized people at the certain location where most child labour percentage is higher. We found it even higher than the data shows by the government record. It is because they do not know where to complain their problem. At last we need to say that child labour may decrease as we expect, if we able to overcome the economic problem of the marginalized people of the country.

Child labour is one of the exaggeratingly growing social problem in developing and underdeveloped nations. The severe exploitation of children have caused extremely mental and physical deformities among children, obscuring their future. Nepalese society has been badly impinged by a large number of child labourers. In Nepal, about 34% of total children has been employed in different factories, restaurants and so on, which is at an alarming point. Thus, the alarming rate of child labour must be brought into control in order to uplift socio-economic scenario of Nepal in long run. If we make a strenuous decision to put up with alarmingly growing child labour, we must not be in dubious regarding the swift downfall of Nepalese socio-economic condition.

“The End”

The word prostitution is derived from Latin prōstitutus, from pro- ‎(“for, before”) +‎ statuō ‎(“to set up, to erect”)

A person who performs sexual activity for payment, especially a woman, when the referent is a man, this is frequently made explicit by using the adjective male. Prostitution is the business or practice of engaging in sexual relations in exchange for payment or some other benefit. Prostitution is sometimes described as commercial sex.

The history of prostitution extends to all ancient and modern cultures. It has been described euphemistically as "the world's oldest profession"In Ancient Greek , sacred prostitution was a common practice. The Biblical story provides a depiction of prostitution as practiced in the society of the time. In all types of ancient to modern civilizations starting from Greek, Biblical, Aztec ( Mexican ),Roman to Asian , prostitution has been practiced .

In Asia, beginning from the emergence of Islam and the Hinduism in the Indian subcontinents , in the names of concubine , devadasi and badi the practice of prostitution has been existed .

Prostitution in Nepalese Context

In our context , we do not find organized institution of prostitution. However Badi ,a Khas community in Western Nepal , are supposed to be traditionally engaged in prostitution.Badi means Vadyabadak, in Sanskrit. who plays musical instruments. Badis trace their roots to the Licchavi dynasty in what is now northern India's Bihar state. According to a research paper by Thomas Cox, an anthropologist at Katmandu's Tribhuvan University, the tribe moved to Nepal. There they received land and money for providing concubines to small-time rulers in western Nepal.

It is estimated that there are 40,000 to 70,000 living in Nepal. Sometimes called untouchables among the untouchables, they have for decades been doomed to supporting their impoverished families through prostitution. The Badi traditionally provided music and entertainment for the feudal/landlords families before they gradually drifted into prostitution

Badis trace their roots to the Licchavi dynasty in what is now northern India's Bihar state. According to a research paper by Thomas Cox, an anthropologist at Katmandu's Tribhuvan University, the tribe moved to Nepal. There they received land and money for providing concubines to small-time rulers in western Nepal. After 1950, as local royalty lost power in the pro-democracy movement, the Badis saw their clientele disappear. The tribe eventually turned to prostitution. ( Cox, Thomas E. (2000) "The Intended and Unintended Consequences of AIDS Prevention Among Badi in Tulispur" Himalaya, the Journal of the Association for Nepal and Himalayan Studies: Vol. 20: No. 1, Article 8)

In present times, voluntary prostitution in Nepal is neither legal nor illegal. Thousands of sex workers work in Kathmandu, the capital city of Nepal, and urban areas within Pokhara and Terai. There is no record of whether these workers voluntarily or involuntarily offer their services for money, but investigations have evidence of both within these areas. Sex workers can work anywhere from brothels to bars, in their homes, or on the streets. There are a number of massage parlors in Thamel, a tourist area of Kathmandu, where sex is also bought. Another form of prostitution is in cabin restaurants and dance bars where clients go and drink with girls. Afterwards, clients pick out a girl to go home with and pay her to have sexual encounters with them.

Reasons for entering the sex industry

Voluntary

Involuntarily,

1.Forced rape,

2. Sexual assault,

3.Early marriages,

4.Trafficking,

5. Deceived by family and lover.

6. Adultary

Social Effects

Conclusion

Debates on prostitution in Nepal have been dominated by the issues of trafficking and the migration of females from Nepal’s middle hills to north Indian brothels but comparatively little research has been done on prostitution in Nepal itself.

The subsistence nature of large parts of the rural economy meant that there was no mass market for commercial sex until comparatively recently. There is also a small but expanding trade catering to sex tourists and expatriates. Sex work sites tend to concentrate in urban areas of the Kathmandu Valley, Pokhara, Baglung and in the cities and towns of the Terai like Dhambouj at Nepaljung, where there are dense sexual networks linking the Indo-Nepal border areas.

There are many sex work sites along the main north-south transport routes and along porterage routes. Sex work sites can also be found in the bazaars of the hills. Usual sex work sites include ‘drinking pubs’, hotels, restaurants and lodges, the worker’s own home, roads, bus parks and jungle areas.

Confusingly prostitution is neither legal nor illegal in Nepal – although sex workers are subject to police harassment and arrest. Sex workers are being beggar’s pot for policemen to have hapta and highly being economically benefited to them as best income source. This made neither good to sex workers nor good to national income but handsome money to policemen. The estimated number of sex workers is over 25,000 with about 5,000 based in the Kathmandu Valley. Around 5,000 children are thought to be exploited in prostitution and around 35% enter sex work by the time they are fifteen. Around 100,000 Nepali women and girls are believed to work in the Indian sex industry although this figure is open to question with some estimates being significantly higher.

Recommendations

While trying to find out the status of people engaged in prostitution, because of the paucity of time we are allotted by NATHM , our team found it difficult to carry out necessary research initiatives in such complex subject. However, above mentioned figures have been retrieved from the WHO report SEX WORK IN ASIA, 2001.At the moment, we can presume that the figures must have increased. Most of the research and study have been found in relation to trafficking and status specifically on prostitution needs thorough and precise research.

It has also been understood that current laws and policies in Nepal focus on the portion of trafficking that is for the purpose of prostitution. Current and proposed policies and legislation do not address the issue of consent. Many national laws and policies include the phrase “with or without consent” in their texts. While this may have legitimate bearing in the case of children, consent must be included as a rights issue in the case of adults. An adult woman’s right to make her own decisions must be recognized, even if this includes, for example, a decision to migrate for work in the sex trade. The govt. of Nepal should allow red light area where it is applicable; it might be benefited not only to sex workers but also great benefited to govt. for increasing national income

Being professionals engaged in Tourism business, we are here to advocate for promotion of any products necessary to develop tourism industry. In spite of having reservation in respect to our cultural practices and religious sentiments , we feel that prostitution being an oldest profession and being part of global trade, and also considering the economic aspect of demand and supply, to promote tourism industry, we should be prepared to make sex trade part of tourism products. However, the stakeholders, particularly the government must ensure provisions against exploitations and discrimination of the sex workers and take all necessary measures to protect their rights as a citizen of good standing. Also it is required that the societies of Nepal should recognized it as a good trade for those who are in that business with inner interest and should behaved like a friendly trade.

( As a part of fulfillment of the Tourist Guide Training)

Submitted by:

Submitted to:

Mr. Krishna Kharel

HDD

Travel & Research